In this paper, a new zero voltage switching bidirectional dc–dc converter is introduced. In the proposed converter an auxiliary circuit is applied to provide zero voltage switching (ZVS) condition for both switches. In this converter the switches controlled by PWM signals and therefore its implementation is simple. Also the auxiliary circuit doesn\'t have any extra switch. The experimental results of the proposed converter are given to verify the theoretical analysis.

The article deals with the syllabic structure of the English, Kazakh and Turkish languages

The crude oil price is regularly fluctuated on the market. This fluctuation has impacted Vietnam\'s economy through the import of crude oil. Because the crude oil is the inputs of all manufacturing industries leading to its great impact on the price of output produce. In addition, the crude oil price also impacts inflation, but the impact level depends on how to control the concerned goods and how is the monetary policy through the risk management model of each country. The objective of the article is the application of mathematical financial models to assess and measure the level of financial risk. In fact, there are many financial mathematical models that are applied to assess and measure the financial risk. However, the article focuses on research of data of crude oil prices under the Black-Scholes model. The results of the application of this model are to evaluate and analyze economic efficiency, profitability of the business and the impact of crude oil price volatility. From these results, enterprises can make basis to resolve business strategies, forecast the level of financial risk and hedge the financial risk effectively. Therefore, the application of this model is necessary to minimize the risk related to the consumer price index, inflation index etc.

Abstract\nThis research work deals with some problems connected with measurement of potential of the individual’s psyche in the course of his professional activity in the society where he is formed as personality. The concept of \"intensity\" of the psyche is entered for this purpose, some important methods and techniques of its assessment are shown in this research work. The parameters of this assessment are imagination, willpower and ‹‹I - the concept››, expressing the psyche potential force. Various combinations of these parameters define the intensity, i.e. the force of influence of the person’s psyche.

Epidural neuroplasty is one of the minimally invasive techniques for adhesiolysis in patients who have already failed conservative treatment for chronic low back pain.\nIn this retrospective study, we aimed to evaluate caudal epidural neuroplasty-adhesiolysis efficency in patients with chronic low back and/or lower extremity pain due to failed back surgery syndrome.\nThe records of the 75 patients (29 male, 46 female) who underwent caudal epidural neuroplasty-adhesiolysis between January 2008 and May 2013 were examined retrospectively.\nVisual Analogue Scale (VAS) for pain before and one week, one month and three months after the procedure and the type of administered neuraxial steroid types were evaluated.\nVAS scores were found to be significantly improved compared with the preoperative values. The VAS scores at the1st week, 1st and 3rd months were found to be significantly decreased compared to baseline scores (p<0.001).\nAlso, administration of methylprednisolone acetate was significatly better than betamethasone acetate group. \nWe concluded that caudal epidural neuroplasty-adhesiolysis is an effective treatment for chronic low back pain and/or lower extremity in failed back surgery syndrome.

The aquaculture sector has seen rapid progress throughout the world. In recent years it has become an important potential for Turkey’s marine and inland waters. However, it is difficult to see how effective it will be for Turkey. Nevertheless, the total capacity for operating farm license is 2,291, 435 742 tons/year. It consisted of 100 239 tons Trout and 207 tons Carp in inland waters, 79 200 tons Sea Bream and Sea Bass in the marine in 2011. In 2011, the main aquaculture species produced in the European Union were Mussels (456 thousand tons), Rainbow Trout (179 thousand tons), Atlantic Salmon (171 thousand tons), Pacific Cupped Oysters (104 thousand tons), Gilthead Seabream (99 thousand tons), European Seabass (73 thousand tons) and Common Carp (62 thousand tons). Marine fish accounted for 31%, freshwater fish accounted for 20% and shellfish for 49% of the European Union aquaculture production in 2011. There are 1100 companies in freshwater aquaculture sector and more than 600 companies in marine aquaculture sector in the European Union. The current status of aquaculture activities in Turkey was also tried to explain with SWOT Analysis.\nKey words: European Union Aquaculture, Turkey Aquaculture, Production, SWOT

This paper is concerned with an efficient algorithm for solving the multi-objective program of sum of linear fractional functions whose constraints are linear. The algorithm proposed here for the solution method for sum of linear ratios multi-objective programming (SOLR - MOP) is integrate the merits of three approaches, (i) fuzzy approach, (ii) fuzzy goal programming, (iii) Interactive programming. Each membership function of fuzzy objectives is approximated into linear function by using first order Taylor’s theorem about the vertex of the feasible region where the objective function has maximum value. Then the resulted approximated linearized membership functions may be used for the formulation of interactive fuzzy goal programming. The efficiency of the method is measured by numerical a example.

Foreign language teaching at the university level has taken an importance and value over the last decade due to global competition between institutions of higher education. For this reason, language educators are faced with the challenge of looking for innovative teaching methods, which not only stimulate and motivate their students while encouraging language acquisition, but also add an intercultural dimension. This teaching note proposes to analyze the use and impact of video films as resource materials on English for classes designed to promote learner awareness of another culture. After an initial overview of the theoretical background, the article then provides a summary of the method, results and practical ideas.

The stability constants of the Sc(III) complexes with 1,2-dihydroxybenzene-3,5-disulfonate (TIRON) and 2,3-dihydroxynaphthalene-6-sulfonic acid (DHN) were determined using a potentiometric method at different temperatures( 20, 25 and 30 ± 0.1ºC.) and different ionic strengths (0,05, 0,1 and 0,20 M KNO3) in aqueous solution. It was found that Sc(III) ion interact significantly with both TIRON and DHN to form 1:1 complexes in aqueous solution. The stability constants of the complexes have been determined at zero ionic strength ( I→0).The thermodynamic parameters for the complex formations have also be calculated from the Gibbs-Helmholtz plot. Plots of thermodynamic stability constants at zero ionic strength (ln Kº) versus T-1 gave linear curves, ΔHº and ΔSº were also calculated from these plots. Moreover, the changes in free energy for each metal-ligand system were calculated from the following equation.\nΔGº = -RT ln Kº

. Hip fracture is a medical and socioeconomic problem among the 65 years and older population in China. Length of hospital stay in China is much longer than other developed countries, and the Chinese government has tried to reduce length of stay in order to reduce medical expenditures. The objective of this study was to compare outcomes and costs of health care services for patients with hip fracture surgery among hospitals with different care systems in China. The total hospitalization cost for each patient was calculated based on the costs of inpatient care up to the point of discharge. Regression modeling was performed on the 7 commonest age-related conditions (based on our data), to determine the impact of each comorbidity on total costs. The average age of the cohort was 77.24 years. The median length of stay was 13.6 days. In patients without comorbidities, the mean hospitalization cost was S$9347.5 ± 1719.6. With the presence of comorbidities, the mean cost increased to US $ 12,539.3 ± 6742.3. In univariate modeling, dementia added the largest amount to total costs [US $ 8498; 95% confidence interval (CI), US $1273 to US$9523; P <0.05]. The presence of diabetes (US $758; 95% CI, US $2051 to US $3566), hypertension (US$644; 95% CI, S$1986 to US$3274) and osteoarthritis (US$915; 95% CI, S$3721 to S$1891) did not significantly add to total costs. When controlled for multiple comorbidities, dementia retained its significance in adding to total costs (US$6178; 95% CI, US $12395 to US$11,342; P= 0.006). Hip fracture patients with comorbidities incurred higher hospitalization costs. Cost-containment strategies in hip fracture patients should not only examine the number of comorbidities but also the type of disease.

Actually, Podcast, Weblog, Vodcast and Web Radio are being used as an educational interfaces in virtual learning environments responsible for the divulging of various cultural activities on schools or universities, with programs dedicated education, culture and entertainment. In other words, this is a new way of learning and cultural production to those learners with access to cyberspace, characterized by mutual interaction, where each member is involved in building the cooperative relationship, affecting each other of reciprocal way. The present paper features a conceptual approach concerning the foundations of Weblog, Vodcast, Podcast and Web Radio, showing the main differences theoretical and technical between the concepts and their educative potentialities in cyberspace. The aim of the research works focuses on the analysis of educational experiences with the Vodcast interface. Given the characteristics of the study and in order to find an answer to the initial question of investigation: The Vodcast can be used in online education? The methodology used is empirical descriptive and was conducted on the Internet during the second quarter of 2014, referring, yet, the case study of University Escritor Osman da Costa Lins (Pernambuco - Brazil).

E-banking has seen a dramatic growth in the past several years and it will continue to grow in the years to come. Banks offers number of electronic products and services through online channels. Corporate customers are the biggest source of revenue for banks in India. Corporate customers and E-banking has been studied very modestly in the past, and particularly the decision-making factors driving customers to transact through online channels. This study evaluates electronic banking service quality from the corporate customers’ perspective and it also examines the effects of service quality. The constructs in this study were developed and evaluated for reliability and validity by using measurement scales from prior studies. In this study SEM has been used to confirm the factors analysis results. The results in this study indicate that empathy, security, privacy, reliability, responsiveness and tangibility have influence on customer’s perceptions about service quality. This study has its share of limitations that serves directions for future research.

The article presents the results of a sociological and cultural study of ethnic migration in Siberia (Krasnoyarsk Territory). The aim of the present research is obtaining sociological characteristic of current problems of intercultural relations of a migrant and host environment. The object of the research is cultural values and needs, arising in the process of relations of a migrant and host environment, and its subject is analysis of cultural attitudes of students and migrants, living on the territory of the region, to arriving migrants. There are 137 nationalities living on the territory of Krasnoyarsk Krai. In order for the information of the socio-cultural research to be objective and results to be valid, we selected 500 people for participation in the research. The sample was chosen in the following way: 250 persons were selected among the students of institutions of higher (Siberian Federal University) and secondary professional education (Krasnoyarsk Polytechnic College), and 250 migrants, representatives of ethnic groups, living on the territory of the city of Krasnoyarsk. The main stimuli for co-residence of migrants and host environment (local population) (on the material of analysis of questions about temporary and permanent residence) are: eagerness to co-participate in socio-economic and cultural development of the region in case of permanent residence and rejection of temporary residence for the sake of improving demographic situation of the host country. However, the strategy of separation, allowing to preserve unique distinctiveness in the environment of a different culture becomes the main condition for migrants’ residence, and for the receiving (host) side, similarity of cultural characteristics of migrants and their own culture becomes important.

Introduction\nThe science of complex adaptive systems brings new concepts that can provide fresh understandings of troubling issues in the organisation and management of delivery of health care. Effective organisation and delivery of health care does not need detailed targets and specifications, nor should it focus primarily on “controlling the process” or “overcoming resistance.”\nAmbulance services in Lithuania\nAt present, emergency medical services (hereinafter EMS) are provided by 56 public health care institutions and 2 private EMS providers. Institutions providing EMS are required to provide emergency medical care (emergency medical care is part of the state funded health care (free of charge) and is financed from the budget of Compulsory Health Insurance Funds. In Lithuania, emergency medical services are provided by EMS teams composed of physicians, community and general practice nurses, obstetricians, emergency medical care nursing specialists, nursing assistants and auxiliary workers, paramedics and military paramedics, and drivers.\nThe aim of this paper is to analyse organisational factors that affect attitudes of ambulance workers to job during the period of reform in ambulance stations.\nResults \nAn analysis of respondents’ attitudes to work organisation has shown that the majority of respondents maintained that they had to be very accurate in their job, to think all the time and memorise a lot of things, to exploit all their skills and abilities. An analysis of study results has shown that 79.2% of respondents believe that their competences and those of their colleagues are adequate, 71% of respondents maintain that an organisation provides employees with an opportunity to participate in trainings, and 61.6% of respondents agree that an organisation creates favourable conditions for personal growth and improvement. An analysis of major stressors among ambulance workers has revealed that respondents are most likely to suffer from stress when their health and safety is in danger\nConclusions\nWork organisation at ambulance stations is rather effective: workers enjoy sufficient professional autonomy even though workload is quite heavy. However, study participants indicate that support provided by leaders is not sufficient and major occupational stressors include danger to health and safety, communication with violent patients and patient deaths.

Production of fishery products in Turkey is done in two ways, which are inland and marine fishery (capture) and aquaculture production in fresh water, marine water and coastal water. However, during the recent years, share of the capture fisheries in total production is gradually decreasing, as it is in the world. Inability to increase amount of capture products from the waters has shown that the highest level of capture amount is reached for sustainable fishery. As it is in the world, the most important part of aquaculture production in Turkey is obtained by marine fishery. Nevertheless, according to Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Turkey is ranked as the 32nd in terms of marine fishery and 4th between the EU countries after Spain, Denmark and England. (FAO, 2012).

Background: In children with cerebral palsy (CP), to achieve a plantigrade foot and normalize kinematics during gait, various operative techniques have been introduced. The authors present a minimally invasive technique for equinus in children with cerebral palsy. Methods: From January 2011 to December 2013, twenty five spastic cerebral palsy patients had endoscopic gastrocnemius recession (EGR) for equinus deformity correction. EGR was carried out as an isolated procedure without any adjunctive ones. Improvement was evaluated with the Modified Tardieu Scale and gait pattern analysis with physician rating scales (PRS). The angle of muscle reaction (R1) and the angle of full range of motion (R2) were determined in the Modified Tardieu Scale. Results: All patients were able to return to the normal activities the following day. During the follow-ups, mild lateral foot paresthesia in the distribution of the sural nerve was seen in two patients. It completely resolved within a few weeks without sequelae. At postoperative two years follow up, Passive range of ankle dorsiflexion in knee extension was improved, from -1.08 to 10.56 (p=0.000) for R2 and from -5.28 to -.1.16 (p=0.006) for R1. Passive range of ankle dorsiflexion in knee flexion was improved, from 7.76 to 17.20 (p=0.000) for R2 and from -1.52 to 2.56 (p=0.034) for R1. Total PRS scores were improved, especially with heel to toe gait patterns, from 10.88 to 12.24 (p=0.000). Conclusion: Endoscopic gastrocnemius recession can be added as a safe and minimal invasive therapeutic option for patients with the equinus deformity of the cerebral palsy.

Objectives: Tularemia outbreaks have now become a major public health problem in our country. We have reviewed Tularemia cases treated in our clinic between 2010 and 2013.\nPatients and Methods: Forty-one patients with the diagnosis of tularemia were followed up in the Kayseri Training and Research Hospital between January 2010 and January 2013. Serological diagnoses were made for tularemia by micro-agglutination test. Demographic characteristics and clinical and laboratory findings of the patients were obtained from tularemia case report forms.\nResults: Twenty-five female and 16 male patients were included. Twenty-two of the patients were housewives, with a median age of 43.2 years. The majority of the patients (34/41) lived in rural areas. Most of the patients were using tap water (36/41). The most predominant form of tularemia was oropharyngeal (82.9%), and only one patient was diagnosed as having typhoid tularemia. Cervical lymphadenopathies were found in 40 patients. Most of the patients were admitted to our clinic with the complaints of neck mass, sore throat, fever, fatigue, joint and muscle pain. Streptomycin as a monotherapy was the most (68.3%) used antimicrobial treatment. No sequel and mortality were observed in the patients, except formation of scar of the wound in the neck area.\nConclusions: Tularemia should to be taken into account in the differential diagnosis in cases having mass neck and fever of unknown origin from the neighboring provinces of Kayseri. Because the oropharyngeal form is the most frequent type diagnosed in our reviewed cases, this indicates that much more attention should be paid to water sanitation.

This study aimed at evaluating the state of knowledge, among mothers of infants aged 0-6 months, on lactational amenorrhea as a contraceptive method, as well as these women\'s breastfeeding habits. In this descriptive study 646 mothers were included. A questionnaire was used to interview one-on-one the mothers of infants aged 0-6 months, who had consented to such an interview. Data were evaluated with an SPSS 11.0 software package; the chi-squared test and Fisher\'s exact test were used. The average age of the study subjects was 27.48(SD=5.59) years. To the question: \"Does lactating protect you from pregnancy?\", 82.5% answered in the negative. While 28.6% of the subjects who had received family planning counseling postpartum had answered \"yes\" to this question, in subjects who had not received such counseling this proportion was 14,9% (p=0.001). Those who had first done so within half an hour from delivery made up 81.4% of the sample. The proportion of those who had not yet resumed menstruations was 62.3%. All of the mothers who had not resumed menstruating were still nursing; 99.2% were breastfeeding also at night. In Dogubeyazit, a rural area of Turkey, the use of LAM as a contraceptive method remains low, even though the breastfeeding ratio is high.

Background: One suspected cause of functional dyspepsia is duodenal mucosal inflammation. However, endoscopic diagnosis of duodenitis is subjective. The aim of this study was to confirm whether and how quantitative analysis of duodenal endoscopic images can be realized.\nMaterial and Method: A total of 81 untreated Japanese dyspepsia patients who had been referred to the Yokohama City University Hospital were enrolled in the study. All patients completed the frequency scale for the symptoms of GERD questionnaire and underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. We quantitatively evaluated the reddish mucosa, assessing the presence or absence of inflammation and, if present, grading it according to a 5-level grading system. We extracted 18 values from each image and performed multiple regression analyses of the data.\nResults: The diagnosis of duodenitis was quantitatively based on the features of the endoscopic image (sensitivity of 65.7%, specificity of 82.6%). A grading scale for the endoscopic images was successfully employed. A strong correlation between the scaling values (scores) and features of the endoscopic images was observed (r=0.569, p<0.001). We also found relationships between symptoms and various clinical data, as well as features of the endoscopic images.\nConclusion: Quantitative analysis of duodenal endoscopic images and multimodal data mining regarding duodenitis can be successful.

Abstract \nThe comparison of socio-economic and clinical characteristics of patients with migraine and tension-type headache\nBackground: The aim of this study was to compaire of socio-economic and clinical characteristics in patients with migraine and tension-type headache (TTH). \nMethods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Bolu İzzet Baysal State Hospital Köroğlu Unit, between June-November 2011. After recorded the socio-demographic characteristics, if they have any chronic disease diagnosed by physicians, social security, family history of headache, occurrence age of headaches, impact of headache on daily activities, headache attacks during the past 6 and 12 months, pain location, frequency, duration, laterality and side of pain, coping strategies, associated symptoms were also recorded. \nResults: Educational level was significantly lower in patients with migraine (p<0.05). 51% of the patients with TTH and 54.1% of the patients with migraine had a positive family history of headache. It was observed that BMI affects the occurrence age of headaches in patients with TTH and migraine (p<0.05). There were significant difference between headache attacks during the past 6 and 12 months, impact on daily activities, pain frequency, side of headache, characteristics of pain, associated features in patients with TTH and migraine (p<0.05). \nConclusion: BMI affects the occurrence age of headache in TTH and migraine patients. Additional advanced studies should be conducted.

We aimed to examine the influence of flapless placement of tapered implants with\ndifferent designs (Biohorizon tapered internal implant-BHZ, Bioner hikel-HIK and\nBioner Top) on crestal bone resorption in posterior mandibular sites. Records of 44\npatients with 60 flapless implants placed in the posterior regions of the mandible (24\nimplants (40%) were placed in premolar sites and 36 in molar sites (60%) were followed\nfor 16 months by means of clinical and radiographic examination. Repeated measures -\nANOVA (a=0.05) were performed to assess differences in marginal bone loss among the\nthree groups of implants tested.\nResults showed a mean loss of 0.32 mm around BHZ implants, 0.43 mm around HIK\nimplants and 0.47 mm around TOP implants. Statistical analysis showed a trend for less\nbone loss around BHZ implants, although this difference did not reach statistical\nsignificance at pairwise analysis (p=0.05). Overall, results showed that with the use of\nappropriately designed implants, flapless insertion is an efficacious treatment approach\nthat yields efficacious results. Although our results did not show significant difference in\nbone loss among groups, the observed trends can be used as preliminary data to design\nappropriately powered studies. We conclude that implants placed with the specific\ntechnique may result in less crestal bone resorption than in implants placed under the\nopen flap surgery.

Detection of vaginal epithelial cells rich in glycogen and lactobacilli in penile swabs can help to prove that a vagina-penis contact has occurred. The aim of this study was to determine forensic importance of detection of vaginal epithelial cells rich in glycogen and sperms and lactobacilli in penile swabs obtained from the sulcus coronarius and the radix within 0-48 hours of a sexual intercourse. All penile swabs obtained from the sulcus coronarius and radix were found to have dense or moderate staining, indicating vaginal epithelial cells, but 6.5% of the swabs taken from the radix were found moderate dense staining, which was significantly related to time elapsing after a sexual intercourse (p<0.001). Presence of sperms and lactobacilli in penile swabs was significantly related to time elapsing after a sexual intercourse (p<0.001), but not related to the stage of menstrual cycle (p>0.05). Sexual assaults can be proven by examining evidence obtained during examinations of the people exposed to the assaults. Detection of vaginal epithelial cells, lactobacilli and sperms in swabs taken from the sulcus coronarius, an anatomical region better protected against external factors and contacts, is invaluable in that it helps to prove sexual assaults.

This paper is developed to study of new families of an extension of the generalized Bessel-type matrix polynomials with three, four and five matrices by using the various families of integral representation method. An interesting further qualitative properties of this integral representations method are given. Subsequently, explicit formulas for the extended generalized Bessel matrix polynomials and their interesting properties are investigated.

In this work, the field equations of the linear theory of magnetothermoelasticity\nare constructed in the context of a new consideration of Fourier\'s law\nof heat conduction and Ohm\'s law of electromagnetism with thermoelectric\nproperties. One-dimensional application for a half-space of thermoelectric alkaline\nearth metals in the presence of thermal energy sources is solved by using Laplace\ntransform and state space techniques [1]. According to the numerical results and its\ngraphs, conclusion about the effects of thermoelectric figure-of- merit on all fields is\nestablished.

Were captured organisms of Cardisoma crassum. The captured organisms were sexed, weighed and measured at the site of capture and released. Chi square test was used to determine whether there is a significant difference in the sex ratio. Fecundity was estimated by the gravimetric method. The growth rate was estimated from the equation W = aLb. The condition factor (K) was estimated with the equation K=100*W*L-3. Were captured 159 organisms, 94 females (59.12%) and 65 males (40.88%). The minimum size of the carapace width of females was 1.58 cm and the maximum length was 8.47 cm with a mean of 5.47 ± 1.28 cm; for males, the minimum size was 4.08 and maximum size was 10.11cm with mean of 5.52 ± 1.24 cm. The sex ratio was 1.45 females per male. The calculated value of ?2 was 5.28 (p=0.021), the table value was 3.84, so Ho was rejected and the ratio is not 1:1. The minimum weight of ovigerous females was 85.63 and the maximum was 300 g were counted among 173595 and 866857 eggs. The ovigerous mass accounted among 6.1 and 17.31% of body weight. It can be concluded that this is the first formal work done on aspects of growth of C. crassum. The sex ratio favored to the females. The weight of the eggs present in C. crassum is set to 10% of body weight. The fecundity of the species is high.

Background. The pathogenesis of migraine is still unclear but cytokines play an important role in several physiological and pathological settings such as immunology, inflammation, and pain. We want to measured some cytokines in plasma of migraneurs in a time-locked relationship to the onset of attacks and during headache- free periods.\n\n\nStudy Design. We studied 30 migraine patients consecutively from our algology policlinic cases and 30 healthy controls subjects with no personal or family history of migraine. Diagnosis was made according to 2003 IHS criteria and controls were recruited among medical and nonmedical staff. We determined serum levels IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α. Control subjects were studied at a single time point. We tested both patient and control samples in each assay.\n\n\nResults. Our study demonstrated that, serum levels of IL-1β and IL-6 in migraine patients were higher compared to healthy subjects. But, serum IL-10 levels in migraine patients were lower than healthy individuals. Also we found that no difference in TNF-α serum levels between the two groups.\n\n\nConclusion. Our migraine patients had higher IL-1β, IL-6 levels, and lower IL-10 levels than healthy individuals. These findings supported that cytokines may be related to the pathogenesis of migraine.