This study was conducted to investigate the effects of Clostridium butyricuminclusion on growth performance,immunity and antioxidant status of Cherry Valleyducks.Two hundred and forty 1-day-old Cherry Valley ducks were randomlyallocated to 2 groups with 6 replicates of 20 ducks,receiving diets supplementedwithout(control group)or with Clostridium butyricum(5.0×108cfu per kg diet)for42 days,respectively.Ducks fed Clostridium butyricum included diet had a heavierbody weight at 42 d(P<0.05),which was likely to result from simultaneouslyenhanced feed intake and weight gain(P<0.05).Clostridium butyricumsupplementation increased relative spleen weight(P<0.05)at 21 and 42 d.Similarbeneficial effect was also observed for thymus weight at d 21(P<0.05).Ducks feddiet supplemented with Clostridium butyricum had a higher serum immuneglobulinM(IgM)and immuneglobulin G(IgG)concentration than those given basal diet(P<0.05)at 21 and 42 d.Similarly,Clostridium butyricum inclusion enhanced serumcomplement component 3(C3)and component 4(C4)content at 42 d(P<0.05).Clostridium butyricum supplementation significantly(P<0.05)enhanced serumsuperoxide dismutase(SOD)and glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px)activity at 21 d,total antioxidant capacity(T-AOC)activity at 42 d,reduced glutathione(GSH)content at 21 and 42 d,respectively.The results indicated that Clostridium butyricuminclusion could exert a beneficial effect on the growth performance,immune functionand antioxidant capacity of Cherry Valley ducks.
Abstract. Long bone fractures are assumed to be an independent risk factor for systemic complications and death after injury. Multiple subject areas have identified an increased hazard of mortality and morbidity in patients with bilateral femoral fractures. Information about bilateral tibial shaft fractures is rare. The purpose of our work was to analyse if patients with bilateral tibial shaft fractures are at higher risk for systemic complications. The inclusion criteria were unilateral or bilateral tibial shaft fractures and an age ≥ 16. Additionally to the overall collective we analysed different subgroups (divided into different injury severities and treatment periods). The additional tibial shaft fracture is an independent risk factor for pulmonary organ failure, but not for multiple organ failure or death rate. The impact of the additional tibial shaft fracture is particularly pronounced in less severely injured patients (ISS < 25). These findings are comparable to outcomes of bilateral femoral fracture studies and we therefore suggest handling patients with bilateral tibial shaft fractures with the same care as those with bilateral femoral fractures.