In this work, the electric field-induced Franz-Keldysh oscillation (FKO) was investigated in the InGaP/GaAs dual junction solar cells using the optically biased bright photoreflectance (OBPR) and electroreflectance (OBER) spectroscopies. The spectra of the InGaP/GaAs showed complex Franz- keldysh oscillation (FKO) with various incident light wavelengths and intensity. In the OBPR measurements, the spectra reveal some peaks corresponding to InGaP and GaAs materials. Whereas, in the OBER measurements, based on the illuminated light energy (wavelength) the reflected spectra showed complex behavior. In the OBER measurements, when the illuminated light was absorbed by the cell, the reflected spectra of that cell were not observed. In the event that, the reflected spectra of the cell, which was not able to absorb the illuminated light, were observed. This means that, in the OBER measurements, when the cell absorbed the illuminated light and got saturated, the FKO and band to band transition of that cell were not observed. In the event that, the reflected spectra can be seen in the OBPR measurements clearly. Therefore, the measurements, based on photoreflectance spectroscopy are the best for the dual junction structures. In the InGaP/GaAs, the generated carriers in the cells are able to shift to a different cell via the tunnel junction. The carrier density variation changed the internal electric field (Fin) and the changes of the Fin were reflected in the spectra, especially FKOs.

This study was conducted to investigate the impact of age at the time of castration on the growth performance, carcass characteristics, and economic efficacy of Hanwoo (Korean native cattle) steers. This study included 344 calves with an average weight of 29.2 ± 4.5 kg, born between 2010 and 2016, at the Gangwon Livestock Technology Research Institute in Hoengseong, Korea. The 344 calves were divided into 4 groups based on age at castration: 6 months of age or younger (n = 47), 7–10 months of age (n = 74), 11–12 months of age (n = 96), and 13–15 months of age (n = 127). Body weight and length at 12 months of age increased with increasing age at castration (p < 0.05). Wither height, chest depth, chest width, chest girth, rump length, hip bone width, and rump width were lower in the group castrated at 6 months of age, compared with those in the groups castrated at older than 7 months of age (p < 0.05). Average daily gain (ADG) was higher in the group castrated at 11–12 months of age than in the groups castrated at younger than 10 months of age (p < 0.05). The carcass weight was higher in the group castrated at 11–12 months of age than in the groups castrated at younger than 10 months of age (p < 0.05). Marbling scores were higher in the groups castrated at younger than 10 months of age than in the groups castrated at older than 11 months of age (p < 0.05). Gross receipts and net income were obtained in the following order: castrated at 7–10 months of age > 11–12 months of age > younger than 6 months of age > 13–15 months of age. Body weight and body conformation traits at 6 months of age were positively correlated with age at castration, except for rump height (p < 0.01). Body weight and body conformation traits at 12 months of age were positively correlated with age at castration, except for rump height and pelvic width (p < 0.05). Live weight and carcass weight showed a positive (+) correlation with age at castration (p < 0.01), whereas marbling score and auction price showed a negative (-) correlation with age at castration (p < 0.01). The present results showed that castration at 7-10 months of age had positive effects on marbling and economic efficiency, while castration at 11-12 months of age had positive effects on growth performance and carcass weight. Thus, the suitable age for the castration of Hanwoo steers is 7–12 months.

The occurrence of cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is a complex process, which is related to multiple factors. Previous studies demonstrated that CMS was closely related to mitochondria. To study the CMS characteristics from different perspectives, callose observation and cell cycle analysis between a rice CMS line (M2BS) and its maintainer line (M2B) were performed in this study. The results of callose observation showed that the callose deposition dramatically increased at the tetrad stage of M2B and significantly increased at the dyad stage of M2BS. Flow cytometry analysis revealed obvious variations between the pollen cells of M2B and M2BS at anthesis. Compared with M2B, the proportion of G0/G1 phase cells considerably decreased, while those of S and G2/M phase cells significantly increased in M2BS at anthesis. The findings indicated that the early callose deposition and abnormal cell cycle of pollen grains were involved in the pollen development of M2BS.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of full-fat oil seeds on milking performance, milk composition, and milk quality in lactating Holstein cows. Animals for the experiment were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups. The control group was fed a CON diet (total mixed ration + hay + concentrate), T1 was fed the CON diet + 600 g flaxseed, and T2 was fed the CON diet + 600 g flaxseed + 200 g chia seed. Supplementation of flaxseed or flaxseed + chia seeds had little effect on the milk yield, feed intake, and feed efficiency of lactating Holstein cows. The contents of protein and solids not fat (SNF) was higher in T1 than in the control (p<0.05) during the first period, but overall, the supplementation of flaxseed or flaxseed + chia seeds had little effect on milk composition. Moreover, conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content increased with the supplementation of flaxseed or flaxseed + chia seeds (p<0.05), and PUFA content increased by supplementation with flaxseed + chia seeds (p<0.05). The n-3 fatty acid ratio also increased by supplementation with flaxseed or flaxseed + chia seeds (p<0.05), while supplementation with flaxseed + chia seeds also increased the antioxidant activity of raw milk (p<0.05). Thus, in this study, the mixed supplementation of flaxseed and chia seeds had a positive effect on the lactation persistency, functional fatty acid concentration (CLA, polyunsaturated fatty acid, and n-3 fatty acid ratio), and antioxidant activity of lactating Holstein cows. Therefore, these supplements could possibly be used as feed material for functional milk production.

People who live in urban and rural areas have an interest in ornamental plants, especially bulbous plants. These plants caused end of an era in Ottoman Empire and started an era with a magnificent reign. Lilium candidum -which is an important mark in the culture of Tokat city- is a perennial, ostentatious and approximately one meter height plant with a pleasant-smelling quality. This bulbous plant has usage both in cuisine of Tokat and in home gardens of Tokat. However, this plant started to disappear due to the incensement of the built environments and pollution, based on population incensement of the city. In this study, cultural and landscape values of Llilium candidum is analyzed by swot analysis methodology. The aim of study is to emphasize the importance of Lilium candidum in many fields such as agriculture, chemistry, nutrient (food), landscape and increase the usage of this plant in these sectors.

Banks have an important role in the functioning of the economy and financial market must conform in their moral norms set by society, i.e. to conduct certain ethical norms. But despite the simplicity of the definition, in the modern world, this concept becomes complex and ambiguous. Banking ethic is a system of rules and standards of conduct for banking institution and its staff. The importance of studying this subject is defined by the fact that the ethical behavior of the bank and bank employees promotes banking. At present there are several conceptions of banking ethics: general ethics, regulated ethics and ethical bank. The most common practice is to regulate internal and external relations of banks and bank workers with ethical codes. This article is intended to reflect main tendencies and fproblems of banking ethics at international level and experience of Republic of Moldova in this field.

“Pay What You Want” is a pricing strategy where buyers pay any desired amount for a given commodity, sometimes including zero. Giving buyers the freedom to pay what they want can be very successful in some situations, because it eliminates many disadvantages of conventional pricing e.g. the fear of whether a product is worth a given set price and the related risk of disappointment. \nIn Germany most often wine tastings are for free despite of the associated costs. However, often visitors feel obliged to buy some bottles of wine even though they are not in favor of this wine. Hence, dissatisfaction might occur. Hence, other strategies have to be developed in order to cover the costs but reducing the risk of dissatisfaction. In this context we want to discuss the possibility to introduce “Pay-What-You-Want” pricing in the German wine business. We will first provide a literature overview. Afterwards we will combine these findings with existing example.

E-marketing has had a significant growth in the world. This remarkable growth has caused many transactions to be performed on the internet. However, on-line trading does not have an appropriate situation in Iran. In the present study, the required conditions for e-marketing and the necessary conditions to prepare it in the country are investigated and subsequently, in order to improve the e-marketing situation in Iran, a model which is consisted of three institutions of government, on-line service providers and people is provided and afterwards, the mentioned model is validated. Finally, it is observed that the government has not provided the necessary situation for e-marketing in Iran at all and a situation for on-line trading in the country should be appropriately created. The suggested model in the present research is suitable to improve the e-marketing situation in the country.

The main problem in computer security is the need to protect data and computer system from intruders. For controlling access to computer systems, now-a-days the passwords become the trend. To measure and analyze an individual’s unique behavioral or physiological patterns for authentication purpose the biometrics are used. The analysis of typing rhythm in biometric technique the keystroke dynamics become the important method. The ease use of username/password schemes with the increased trustworthiness associated with biometrics is provided using keystroke dynamics. In the experiment, we measure the Hausdroff timing values of keystroke features such as latency, duration, digraph and their combinations and compare their performance. The proposed Memetic algorithm (MA) is used for feature subset selection.

In this research, wood polymer composite (WPC) were produced by using the combination of waste sawdust (Cengal and mixed sawdust), unsaturated polyester resin and a catalyst as the curing agent. The WPC were produced in the form of a panel with a percentage of sawdust ranging from 5% to 25% of resin weight with 3% of catalyst added. The physical properties were investigated by using Water Absorption and Thickness Swelling test. Meanwhile the mechanical properties were investigated by using Flexural, Charpy Impact, Hardness and Dimensional Stability test. Micro structural analyses were done by Scanning Electron Microscopy. All tests were conducted based on ASTM standard. From the result, the physical properties of the composites show that the sawdust filler were evenly dispersed in the resin matrix. The mechanical and physical properties recorded from this research shown that both properties of composites are higher than raw ones. The optimum ratios were obtained at sawdust composite at 10% where it showed the best performance than others.

Abstract-Because sustainable reporting as a competitive advantage is not yet well understood, in this paper we want to measure disclosures based on sustainability reporting for companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange. Sustainable accounting is required to pay attention to organization performance from different view such as economic, social and environmental and internal and external organization matter for present and future. Principles of sustainability reporting is an approach which emphasis on creating long-term value for shareholders, taking into account the future potential opportunities and risk management in the economic, social and environmental aspect. It found that the overall level of disclosure based on sustainability reporting for companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange is at a low level, it also observed a positive increment in trend of such disclosures over the seven years. From 2007 to 2013 growth rate of average level of disclosure is about 26%. Based on the growth rate it can expect higher level of disclosure in future. It also requires changes in accounting standards and reporting requirements for considering the requirements of sustainability reporting in Iran.

The poets in every society are the artists that in addition to the appearance of humans , speak about internal feeling of humans and how they were and what circumstances had about mystics. So, the researchers engaged to study topics of mystical poetry in contemporary poets of Azerbaijan. In this study ,the researchers used Library and documentation method .Investigating the sources indicated that some poets such as Shakib,Fozuli, Shabkhiz,Monem,Rad,Toghan,Qartal,Gohar and Derafshi discussed about mystical topics in their poems beautifully.

The purpose of this article is to investigate idea of Time; patriotism resulted in alienation in modern and patriarchal community of Virginia Woolf\'s Novel ‘Mrs. Dalloway’ (1925). The examination displays how male communities alter female way of life in futility, wretchedness and ignorance of their identity and ability. Virginia Woolf as a feminist writer constitute an atmosphere in which how female challenge with this inevitable reality. Mrs. Woolf discloses that in spite of the replacement of traditional concept into a modern one the hostility toward women is still does not change so how corrupted attitude of men became unsolvable every day and it paralyzed ordinary flowing of life and how people\'s point of view became norm and influenced country\'s culture. Reader can understand that all above mentioned notions are inseparable segment of Woolf\'s community in which she experienced these ideas in her own time and presented them in her novel frequently. One can understand that obsessive matters of a period presented in writing of a main author.