Impulse noises are occurred in the images during image signal acquisition and processing from one location to another location. In this paper, the optimal detector noise filtering algorithm and its efficient hardware architecture is presented. The proposed architecture comprises of orthogonal direction pattern generation, sorter, thresholder, local binary converter, multimodal filter and pixel converter units respectively. The local binary converter unit detects and corrects the noise pixel efficiently using a simple logic circuit. The design possesses only two line memory buffers with very low computational complexity, thereby reducing the hardware cost and appropriate for several real-time applications.

Parasitization has an enormous impact on host physiology, its development and reproduction. The effect of parasitism by nymphal endoparasitoid Aenasius bambawalei Hayat (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) on development, survival and reproduction of mealybug, Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) on different stages was studied in the laboratory at 28○ C±1, 70 ± 5% relative humidity (RH) with a photoperiod of 18 h light/6 h dark. Comparative study was carried out between mealybugs which were parasitized in early instars with those mealybugs parasitized in last instars. Results showed that 1st instar crawlers were not parasitized at all while 2nd instar nymphs were less preferably parasitized as compared to 3rd and adult host stage. Mealybugs of 3rd instar were most preferably parasitized by Aenasius bambawalei Hayat and they reached to adult stage and then its mummification was occurred and the nymphal count was also low as compared to unparasitized ones. Adult stage mealybugs which were parasitized and mummified soon as compared to 3rd instar and its nymphal count were also more than 3rd instar parasitized mealybug. This finding regarding development and reproduction of mealybug after parasitization would help us in devising biological management strategies at proper host stage.

Shortest path (SP) routing problem for static network has been addressed well in the recent past using different intelligent optimization techniques such as artificial neural network, ant colony optimization, particle swarm optimization, genetic algorithms etc. However, advancements in the wireless communication result in more and more wireless mobile networks such as mobile ad hoc network (MANET), wireless mesh network, etc for which static path routing algorithms will not work well due to the dynamic nature of the mobile networks whose environmental conditions change over time. In this paper, we present a new method to address the shortest path routing problem for dynamic wireless sensor networks using well known optimization technique called Genetic Algorithm. In this method, different paths which are formed randomly by the nodes between source and destination are modeled as chromosomes in the Genetic Algorithm (GA). Then, these chromosomes are undergone various genetic process such as selection, crossover and mutation to get new chromosomes. Every time the topology changes, network parameters such as sent packets, received packets, transmission time and dropped packets are estimated for each path and the optimized route is selected using fuzzy based fitness function applied to each chromosomes.

The aim of this study is to assess the number of decayed, missing, and filled teeth, gingival health, and oral status of children after allogeneic and autologous (veya stem cell transplantation denilebilir) bone marrow transplantation (BMT). Thirty-one patients (13 girls, 18 boys; median age=10.45 years) treated with BMT and 31 healthy children (16 girls, 15 boys; median age=9.18 years) were selected. Dental examinations were performed 100 days after BMT in the study group. The DMFT, plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), and bleeding on probing (BOP) values were recorded. For the statistical analysis and calculations, SPSS for Windows was used. The level of significance was set at p<0.05. The differences between PI, GI, and BOP were not statistically significant in either group. Although the DMFT index values were lower in children treated with BMT than in children from the control group, the difference between the 2 groups was not statistically significant (p=0.836); however, DMFT (p=0.05) and total DMFT scores were significantly different (p=0.035). Although the children in the study group are at high risk for dental caries and periodontal problems, there were no differences in the values of indexes between groups because a periodic oral examination was performed by a dentist before and after BMT.

This study has been conducted to find out the reasons behind the popularity of the Maulana Radio as well as to dig\nout the factors for which the Taliban used the medium in Swat area. The study also analyzed to find out the agenda\nof the broadcaster of the Maulana Radio as well as the effects of the medium on residents of Swat.\nFor this study a questionnaire compressing twenty questions was distributed among 500 respondents in seven\nTehsils (Sub-devisions) of Swat to find out results. As well as SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences\nversion-19) was used for data analysis and statistical testing of the variables. Excel and word document software’s\nwere also used for composing, graphics, tables and charts.\nThe study reveals that the reason behind the popularity and promotion of Taliban was the use of native language,\nreligious ideology and lack of alternative media. The study also exposes that the residents of Swat had tuned the\nMaulana Radio for listening threats and harassment of the broadcaster.\nThe study supports the theoretical framework of ‘ Magic Bullet Theory’ that due to passiveness of the audience, who\ndidn’t verify the status of broadcaster, the agenda behind the spreading message and illegality of the Maulana\nRadio affected the residents of Swat.

A Cornus mas L, an olive shaped, red colored, single-seeded fruit, is used in the traditional medicine in different parts of Europe and Asia. In the present study, the effects of 21 days of the IP administration of 50, 200, and 400 mg/kg B.W. of its hydro-methanolic extract were investigated on the hematologic and biochemical parameters in 40 male Wistar rats. To this end, the hematology and biochemical tests were administered by the Technicon H1 hematology analyzer and the enzymatic methods, respectively. The results indicated that all doses of the extract caused significant (p<0.05) decreases in the HDW and the PDW, whereas only high doses caused significant elevation in the MCHC, the MPV, the PCT, and significant decrease in the RDW. Besides, the decreasing effect of the extract on the platelet activity might consider it as an alternative in the anti-platelet therapy in the CVD. The results of this study suggest that further investigations with higher doses of the CMFE are necessary to obtain significant protective and non-protective changes in the hematological and biochemical parameters.