Different concentrations of the methylxanthine/purine derivatives Aminophylline and Ergotamine-tartrate, as well as of the phosphorous acid analogues 3-ethyl-2-hydroxy-2-oxa-1,4,2-oxazaohosphorinane (EHOOP) and ?-ethyl-?-N-(hydroxyethylamino)methylphosphonic acid (ENHEAMPA) were tested on in vitro-incubated mammalian embryonic cells, at the 24-th and 48-th hours after the treatment with each substance, 24 and 48 hours after inoculation with vaccine avipoxviral strain FK (fowl) with initial infectious titer 106CCID50/ml (in which were observed 50% cytopathological changes in the infected cells). In all cases, the CC50/ml cell suspension, presenting the cytotoxic concentration, in which were observed 50% death or changes was determined. The two methylxanthine/purine derivatives showed lower toxicity on in vitro-incubated mammalian cells than the two phosphorous acid derivatives. These compounds showed significantly, with 1-2 logarithms (p<0.01), lower toxicity than the phosphorous acid analogues. Taking these features in consideration, additional investigations were performed with the same concentrations of the same methylxanthine compounds at the 24-th and 48-th hours on the in vitro-incubated mammalian cells 48 hours after inoculation with the same vaccine avipoxviral strain. Both methylxanthine/purine derivatives showed significantly lower in vitro-toxicity on laboratory-incubated mammalian embryonic cells (virus-non-inoculated and virus-inoculated) than the two phosphorous acid analogues.

Investigation on the influence of cytokine on the expression of gap junctions, in particular, connexin 43 (Cx43) by NK cells, as well as on their proliferation capacity. IL-12 Mouse spleen NK cells were incubated ex vivo in the presence of interleukins 15 and 18 with or without IL-12, respectively, in order to study NK cell proliferation, cluster formation and expression of gap junction protein Connexin 43 (Cx43). While all applied cytokine combinations stimulated all of these functions in treated cells in comparison to control cells incubated without cytokines, IL-12 was found to increase cluster formation and decrease proliferation. Western blotting studies revealed upregulation of Cx43 expression in NK cells treated with IL-12, which might also be mediated by Cx43, though another possibility for it is to be an independent effect of IL-12 on NK cells. According to the received results, Cx43, which production was activated in addition of the cytokine IL-12, is a marker of cluster formation of NK cells and forming contacts between them. The observed inhibited proliferation on the influence of IL-12 could be explained with independent of IL-12 mechanisms. Further studies are necessary in this direction.

The twin-entry radial inflow gas turbines used in turbochargers are mostly subjected to partial admission conditions. In this paper, the entropy generation method is developed for evaluation of quality of energy conversion in the turbine. Meanwhile, contribution and distribution of significant losses, which have more important role in entropy generation, are considered. For this purpose, the performance characteristics of twin-entry radial turbine are investigated under full and partial admission conditions. Analytical flow model is developed for predicting the performance of turbine under partial admission conditions. Therefore, the single entry radial turbine loss models are modified with the aim of revealing partial admission condition losses. The results of model are compared with experimental results, showing good agreements.

Abstract\nEconomic sanction undermines an economy in the ways that decreasing capital formation is one of them which finally leads the contact of the economy. After the revolution 1979, the economic sanction have taken against Iran deepen recently, so that GDP growth rate and non oil GDP growth rate were respectively -5.8 in and -3.1in 2012 which partly rooted in the decreasing of the fixed capital formation in machinery and equipment growth rate.\nFirst of all, this article has established the growth accounting for Iran\'s economy in 1978-2010 duration and by which the shares of the production factors have obtained. The resulted show that since one of sources of fixed capital formation in machinery and equipment is from abroad, approximately -1.6 of the -3.1 collapsing of non oil GDP growth rate came from the decreasing the imported capital goods as a part of fixed capital formation. Then the article has argued Iran\'s partners in imported goods have recently changed from the advanced countries to the developing countries which lead to the decreasing technological change rate in Iran which, in turn, decreased Iran\'s GDP growth rate. As well as, the decreasing of the varieties number of the capital goods and high tech imported capital goods have been decreased which, in turn, reducing Iran\'s technological change rate.

Objective: This paper reviews analyses for tracheotomy within our patient population over the last 6 years.\nMethods: We conducted a retrospective chart review of consecutive patients undergoing tracheotomy at the tertiary Dicle University Medical hospital, Turkey, from January 2006 to December 2012. Patient age and sex analyses descriptive statistic; emergency, planned tracheotomy, indications, complications and decannulation time were all evaluated with the chi-square test and Mann Withney U test.\nResults: Fifty-six (34 male, 22 female) adult patients undergoing tracheotomy between 2006 and 2013 were investigated. The most common indication for tracheotomy was upper airway obstruction (66.7%), followed by prolonged intubation (33.3%). Mean decannulation times after tracheotomy ranged between 1 and 131 days, the difference being statistically significant (p=0.040). There was no significant difference in terms of mean age (9.89+/6.0; p = 0.26). There was also no statistical difference between emergency and planned tracheotomies (p=0.606). \n Conclusion: In our patient population, there was a significant decline in the number of tracheotomies performed for prolonged intubation and an increasing number of patient tracheotomy for upper airway obstruction. According to the literature, permanent decannulation rates have slightly higher with an increase in genetic diseases such as neuromuscular disease.

This study was conducted to evaluate effectiveness of educational programs on individual knowledge of occupants and sanitation rate. The study’s locations comprised of three building in the South Western of Iran. Educational program was initiated by putting up posters, handing out of pamphlets, face to face interaction and gave informative lectures to all students in the intervention section. To evaluate the effectiveness of the educational program, 53 residential units were divided randomly into intervention (education) and control groups. Sanitation before and after educational programs in study locations, was evaluated using sanitation rates. Before education, a set of questionnaires in two sections were distributed among all occupants in order to collect information on occupants’ attitudes towards sanitation in the study’s locations and knowledge of residents about cockroach infestation, prevention and IPM system. The respondents after being exposed to the educational program were better informed about IPM improved by 46%. Evaluation of the obtained scores after educational programs showed a significant difference between scores for pre- and post-educational programs (Mean= 6.93 Vs 8.63). Data was further substantiated by control group (Mean=7.55 Vs 7.4). Therefore educational program improved scores and subsequent knowledge of students on IPM and cockroach management. The sanitation rates for the intervention units at the ‘girls’ dormitory’ had significantly improved (from median 4 to 1) after several educational programs were conducted. This finding was further substantiated by control group, whereby it did not show significant change after similar duration. In conclusion, the sanitation and the educational programs were important strategies contributing to the success of IPM method.

Principle role of a Power System Stabilizer (PSS) is to increase damping of oscillations of generator rotor by control of its excitation by using of auxiliary stabilizer signals. The design of a PSS can be performed by suitable state and optimum feedback that roots of case study is transferred to suitable points as designed results. As the large searching techniques, Genetic Algorithms (GA) is global search techniques to provide a powerful tool for optimization problems by optimizing the mechanisms of natural selection and genetics. To fast accessing of desired results, this paper used a modified Genetic Algorithm for suitable designing of stabilizer. Finally, the advantages of the proposed method are illustrated by numerical simulation of the one machines-infinite-bus power systems.

The purpose of this study is to determine underlying constructs that predict high school students’ subjective experience and quality expectations during asynchronous and synchronous distance education activities, in a form of Quality of Experience (QoE). Early identification of relevant factors that influence students\' experiences is vitally important to the educational process and their QoE plays an important role in learning outcomes. This research involved 158 students from different high schools that participated in several asynchronous and synchronous learning sessions and provided relevant feedback with comparable opinions regarding different conditions. Structural equation modeling was used as an analytical procedure during data analysis which led to a QoE prediction model that identified relevant factors influencing students’ subjective QoE. The results demonstrated no significant difference related to students behavior during both distance education methods. Additionally, this study revealed that students’ QoE in any situation was mainly determined by motivational factors (intrinsic and extrinsic) and moderately influenced by ease usage during synchronous or quality of content during asynchronous activities. We also found moderate support between technical performance and students’ QoE in both learning environments. However, oppose to existing technology acceptance models that stress the importance of attitude towards using, high school students’ attitude failed to predict their QoE.

This study aimed to determine the most effective type of informing students toward drug abuse. Statistical community was all high schools in the fourth educational region of Ahvaz (Iran). Among the group 15 schools were selected via cluster sampling. Finally, there were 366 students in the sample (338 in the experimental 28 in the control groups). The experimental groups included movie watchers, colored pestered readers, speech attendants, and walled journal readers. The applied statistics were ANOVA as well as descriptive methods. Results showed a significant change for colored poster and speech attendants; however, no significant change was observed for the rest.