Every year, a lot of fertile soil is washed off the catchments and moved away from their original places. Most of these sediments are trapped behind dams, seas and oceans (Refahi, 2009). The models can help us organize a large amount of data and obtain maximum results out of them. Today, there is a tendency towards predicting erosion by models that focus on physical processes. These models have greater potential for outputting data, and could simulate the transfer process of sediments more accurately (Raclot & Albergel, 2006). WEPP model is a process proposed by the American Organization of Soil Preservation and Agricultural Research Service of agricultural sector in the United States of America in 1985. This model is based on the basic concepts of climate, penetration theory, soil physics, utility, hydraulics and erosion mechanisms (Refahi,2009). In this research, the WEPP model and GeoWepp program were implemented based on the instructions offered by Martin Minowski and Dr. Jeris Renschler from the Department of Geography in Buffalo University, New York, the United States of America (Minowski & Renschler, 2008). The goal was predicting the soil erosion in different conditions (Nearing & Lopes, 1994).This model was also used in Bararieh, Neishabour, Iran by Golkarian (2007), and the obtained results are highly correlated with the observational results of the present research. In 2003, Jefferson used WEPP model to estimate the erosion and to investigate the effect of management methods. He showed that using WEPP model with GIS makes it possible for the user to understand the rate of erosion resulting from different management methods. Considering the construction of Alavian dam in the lower parts of Sufi chai catchment and the construction of mechanical structures in the Uzbek sub-catchment, the WEEP model was used to determine the range of annual sedimentation in the Sufi chai catchment , to identify the parameters acting upon it, to investigate the use of the model in estimating sedimentation in case of the absence or rarity of sediment estimation stations, and to investigate the effect of managerial programs in order to fight against erosion and estimate the sediments in the catchment.

Characterization of farming systems in private plantations of teak better exploitation and management of these plantations. Indeed, this article is part of the performance evaluation of agroforestry systems teak and focuses primarily on the study of farming systems in relation to the teak plantations and evaluation the annual average increase in volume of teak wood based cropping systems. This study was conducted in the municipality of Tori-Bossito

Today increasing population necessitated supplying their food and pressure for existent resources that can endanger the future life generation that resulted more attention of countries in the world to sustainable development. Shortage of water resources as one of the most important obstacles of agricultural development, increasing agricultural productions and creating nutrition health are factors that are factors of lack of access to sustainable development. Purpose of this research is establishing a structure for evaluating projects of supplying agricultural water according to the indexes of sustainable development using multi-criteria decision making criteria and testing them in the form of applying a case study for optimal achievement of agricultural water. The most important feature of this evaluation is specifying a series of indexes to analyze sustainability and preparing possibility of beneficiaries’ cooperation in the process of evaluating processes and for this reason a number of projects of supplying agricultural water in Poldasht catchment in West Azerbaijan is selected as case study. Multi-variable decision making technique is similar to the ideal item (TOPSIS) as a selected method of evaluating different items. Results shows efficiency of multi-criteria decision-making techniques in evaluating projects based on sustainable development criteria.

Background: inorganic anti-bacterial factors provide high bacterial resistance and thermic stability. Inorganic nanomaterial consists of modern formulation, biological, chemical, and physical properties have been produced on the basis of their function influenced by their nano scales, and that’s why they became very popular. The antibacterial efficacy of Cadmium Oxide nanoparticles on Staphylococcus Aureus has been studied for the first time in this research which these bacteria are resistant against antibiotics. \nMaterials and Methods: different densities consist of 10µg/ml, 15µg/ml, and 20µg/ml have been provided and their efficacies were studied in the agar and broth against the forgoing bacteria. Moreover, the optimization of their non-microbial effect in different times, pH, and temperatures of expose was analyzed.\nResults: the results represented that there is a direct relation between the nanoparticles applied dosage and the restrain effect—augmentation of applied dosage results in restrain effect increase. In the study of environmental factors (pH and temperature), the results are in line with the inherent physiology of the bacteria, however, there was a significant decline in the number of analyzed bacteria cells due to the Double Effect of nanoparticle-pH variations as well as nanoparticle-temperature variations. In the present study, enhancement in Cadmium Oxide nanoparticles density leads to the elevation of antimicrobial feature and the reduction of bacteria growing speed which is in line with the other surveys about the nanoparticles effects on microorganisms. It could be interpreted that, in the presence of nanoparticles, cellular destruction speeds up. \nConclusion: In the recent study, along with the elevation in Cadmium Oxide nanoparticles density, the antimicrobial property augments and the bacteria growth speed declines, that are in line with the other researches about the nanoparticles effect on microorganisms

The objective of this work is to optimize the performance of direct injection (DI) single cylinder diesel engine with respect to brake power, fuel economy through experimental investigations and design of experiments (DOE) method. A single cylinder 5.2 kW diesel engine is used for the experiments. Four parameters namely load (LD), injection timing (IT), fuel fraction (FF) and compression ratio (CR) is varied at levels and the responses brake power, fuel economy and emissions are investigated. The optimum n-values of the response could be predicted using response surface methodology (RSM) and optimum combination of control parameters are specified. Results of the confirmation tests showed good agreement with predicted quantities. Thus the relationship between the diesel engine parameter like brake power and brake specific fuel consumption (B.S.F.C) could be understood using design of experiments. The best results for volumetric efficiency, mechanical efficiency ( ), brake thermal efficiency (BTHE) are observed at increased CR, LD, IT and FF. The results of the study revealed that the combination of a blend of 10% diethyl ether (B10), a compression ratio of 17.5, a injection timing of 23° BTDC and at 75% of full load produces maximum multiple performance of diesel engine with minimum emissions from the engine.

Abstract:\nMany people pay attention to the profitwhen selecting their stock in the investments. For this reason, it is highly important to recognize the factors affecting profit of companies’ stocks. Accordingly, this research will attempt to analyze the results obtained by FAMA and FRENCH (1995) concerning the relationship between Firm Size andstock return; the emphasis here is on income Smoothing (intentional measures of management system for mitigating profit fluctuations). This parameter is used as an intervention variable to see whether there is a significant difference in terms of the aforementioned relationship between two groups of companies or not. In other words, the research is intended to determine in which group of companies the relationship between two variables (Firm Size andstock return) exhibit higher significance level. DickeyFuller test was used for verifying reliability of variables. The result proved that abovementioned variables have the necessary reliability; therefore, they can profit relatively similar results in different circumstances. For the same reason, three hypotheses are proposed in the current research. The first hypothesis states that there is a significant correlation between Firm Size andStock returnsincome-smoothing companies (R=0.17). The second hypothesis asserts that there is a significant correlation between Firm Size and Stock returnsIncome non-smoothing companies but the correlation is less remarkable compared to the first hypothesis (R=0.137). Finally, the third hypothesis which was verified using ultra-analysis techniques (Zr Fischer test) states that there is no significant difference between income-smoothing and Income non-smoothing companies in terms of relationship of Stock returnandFirm Size (confidence interval: 95%). ICKEL index was used for differentiating the companies; its application mechanism and the obtained results will be outlined in the subsequent sections.